Simulation and measurement of diagnostic X-ray radiation qualities / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective To validate the feasibility of the simulationmethod and the reliability of thesimulationresult through comparison between simulation and measurement of the energy spectrum from medical diagnostic X-ray (RQR-Radiation qualities in radiation beans emerging from the X-ray source assembly).Methods A simplified model of the medical diagnostic X-ray RQR radiation quality was established using code of BEAMnrc.The energy spectrum of the same RQR radiation quality were measured through a plane high-purity germanium spectrometer,and compared with the simulationresult.Results The difference of spectral distribution between measurement and simulation was less than 3％,in spite of the convolution processing not happened to the pulse height distribution measured by the spectrometer.And the spectral distribution,fluence,energy fluence,means energy distribution of the radiation was obtained using the code of BEAMDP.Conclusions As indicated above,it is possible to use the simulation of the energy distribution as a foundation for the establishment of X-ray RQR radiation quality.

Dietary germanium biotite supplementation enhances the induction of antibody responses to foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine in pigs

We evaluated the potential ability of germanium biotite (GB) to stimulate the production of antibodies specific for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). To this aim, we measured the total FMDV-specific antibody responses and IgM production after vaccination against FMD both experimentally and in the field. GB supplementation with FMDV vaccination stimulated the production of anti-FMDV antibodies, and effectively increased IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha levels. These results suggest that GB may be a novel alternative feed supplement that can serve as a boosting agent and an immunostimulator for increasing the efficacy of FMDV vaccination in pigs.

Antiviral effect of dietary germanium biotite supplementation in pigs experimentally infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus

Germanium biotite (GB) is an aluminosilicate mineral containing 36 ppm germanium. The present study was conducted to better understand the effects of GB on immune responses in a mouse model, and to demonstrate the clearance effects of this mineral against Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in experimentally infected pigs as an initial step towards the development of a feed supplement that would promote immune activity and help prevent diseases. In the mouse model, dietary supplementation with GB enhanced concanavalin A (ConA)-induced lymphocyte proliferation and increased the percentage of CD3+CD8+ T lymphocytes. In pigs experimentally infected with PRRSV, viral titers in lungs and lymphoid tissues from the GB-fed group were significantly decreased compared to those of the control group 12 days post-infection. Corresponding histopathological analyses demonstrated that GB-fed pigs displayed less severe pathological changes associated with PRRSV infection compared to the control group, indicating that GB promotes PRRSV clearance. These antiviral effects in pigs may be related to the ability of GB to increase CD3+CD8+ T lymphocyte production observed in the mice. Hence, this mineral may be an effective feed supplement for increasing immune activity and preventing disease.

The effects of Germanium biotite on the adsorptive and inhibition of growth abilities against E. coli and Salmonella spp. in vitro / 대한수의학회지

Germanium biotite, a natural mineral, has been used as a feed supplement to reinforce innate immune ability. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of germanium biotite on the adsorptive and inhibition of growth abilities against Escherichia (E.) coli and Salmonella spp. in vitro. Two strains of enterotoxigenic E. coli and four strains of two Salmonella serotypes (Salmonella Derby and Salmonella Typhimurium), major bacterial diarrheal pathogens, were used for this experiment. The absorptive ability of germanium biotite against most Salmonella used in present experiment was observed weakly. The germanium biotite, however, showed significant effect of bacterial growth inhibition in most experiment bacteria. These results suggest that the use of the germanium biotite as feed supplement could alleviate diarrhea following inhibition of bacteria growth. It is also presumed that antibiotics usage for farm animals, considered as causes of antibiotic residue in meat and emerging antibiotic resistance, could be reduced through the use of germanium biotite as a feed supplement, in place of antibiotics used for the prevention of diarrhea.

Determinación de germanio en muestras de exudado de Aloe vera (L.) Burm f. (zábila), mediante la espectrometría de absorción atómica con atomización electrotérmica / Determination of germanium in leaves exudate samples of Aloe vera (L.) Burm f. (zábila), by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

Esta investigación trata sobre la determinación de germanio en exudado de hojas de zábila, mediante la técnica ana lítica espectrometría de absorción atómica con atomización electrotérmica (ETAAS). El exudado de las hojas de zábila es el líquido amarillo y de sabor amargo que emana de las hojas de la planta cortadas en la base. Es también conocido como zumo o látex. Ha sido utilizado en el tratamiento de diversas afecciones tales como: tratamiento de heridas, infecciones bucales, irritaciones de la piel, otras. El germanio es un oligoelemento que ha sido utilizado como inmunoestimulante y en pacientes con neoplasia. La concentración del germanio presente en el exudado de Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. fue de 7.42 ± 2.33 μg/g. La metodología empleada fue validada por estudio de recuperación, ubicándose en un valor promedio de 97.43 ± 2.22%. La desviación estándar relativa fue de 2.88%, lo que es un indicativo de la precisión. El método utilizado para la determinación del elemento en cuestión es exacto, preciso y libre de interferencias.

The objective of this work was to determine the concentration of germanium in Aloe vera (zábila) from leaves exudated, using the electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry analytical technic (ETAAS). The exudated is a yellow and bitter liquid, used in wounds healing, skin irritations, mouth infections, etc. The germanium is a trace element used as immunestimulant in patients with tumour. A concentration of 7.42 ± 2.33 μg/g was found. The method for the determination of germanium was validated by recovery studies, a value of 97.43 ± 2.22% was obtained for germanium, and the relative standar deviation (RSD%) was 2.88%. The method was exact, precise and free from interferences.

Inhibitory effect of germanium against local expression of 5-HT and HA in arthritic rats / 第二军医大学学报

Objective: To investigate the effect of germanium against local expression of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and histamine (HA) in adjuvant-induced arthritic rats. Methods: Male SD rats were randomly divided into 6 groups (n=10): blank control group, model group, low(10 mg/kg), medium(20 mg/kg), and high dose(40 mg/kg) β-carboxyethylgermanium sesquioxide (Ge-132) groups, and indomethacin(IDMT,1 mg/kg)control group. Rat model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was induced in the later 4 groups by Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA). The body weights and the paw volumes of rats in all groups were determined before FCA injection and d 3,6,9,12,15,18, and 21 after injection; the rates of weight gain and paw swelling were calculated. The contents of HA and 5-HT in inflammatory tissues were measured at d 21 immediately after rats were beheaded. Results: The rates of weight gains in middle and high dose germanium groups and IDMT group were significantly higher than those in the low dose germanium group and model groups (P<0.01) at d 21, but had no difference with those of blank control group. The rates of paw swelling in the three germanium groups were significantly lower than that of the model group (P<0.01), and higher than that of the IDMT group(P<0.01 or 0.05); that of the high germanium group was significantly lower than those of the other 2 germanium groups (P< 0.05). The contents of HA in the local asthmatic tissues in the 3 germanium and IDMT groups were significantly lower than that of the model group, and those of the low and middle germanium groups were significantly higher than those of the higher germanium and IDMT groups (P<0.01). The contents of 5-HT in middle and high germanium and IDMT groups were significantly lower than those of the model group and low germanium (P<0.01). Conclusion: Middle and high dose germanium may relieve local asthmatic inflammation in rats through inhibiting the release of HA and 5-HT, with its effect similar to that of IDMT.

Antagonistic Effects of Selenium-Germanium on Kidney Damage Induced by Fluoride in Rats / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To study the antagonistic effects of selenium and germanium (Se-Ge) in combination on the kidney damage induced by fluoride in rats.Methods Fifty SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups,the control group (distilled water),fluoride group (NaF,100 mg/L),fluoride plus selenium group (100 mg/L NaF + 20 mg/L Na2SeO3),fluoride plus germanium group(100 mg/L NaF + 2 000 mg/L Ge-132) and fluoride plus selenium and germanium group(100 mg/L NaF+ 20 mg/L Na2SeO3+ 2 000 mg/L Ge-132),10 in each group (males and females were in the same number).The administration was conducted through gavage for 90 days.After 90 days of treatment,the kidneys were collected and the organ coefficients were calculated,MDA contents,SOD and GSH-Px activities in the tissue were determined and the histopathological examination was done.Results Fluoride decreased the organ coefficient of kidney,Se and/or Ge showed an obvious antagonism to fluoride,administration in combination was more efficient than singly.Na2SeO3 and/or Ge-132 had an antagonistic effect to fluoride in the increase of lipid peroxide(MDA) and decrease of the activity of glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px),superoxide dismutase(SOD).Na2SeO3 and/or Ge132 could prevent the pathologic damage caused by fluoride in the kidneys.Conclusion Na2SeO3 and Ge-132 in combination has an obvious antagonistic effect on fluoride-induced kidney damage.

Effects of Selenium,Germanium Combination on Calcium,Magnesium,Zincum Level in Serum, Liver,Kidney of Rats Exposed to Fluoride / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To understand the combined effects of selenium (Se), germanium (Ge) on the level of Ca, Mg, Zn in the tissues of rats exposed to fluoride(F). Methods SD rats were divided into 5 groups and respectively treated with distilled water(control), 100 mg NaF/L(through drinking water), based on the fluoride treatment, Se, Ge were respectively given by gavage at the doses of 0.1 mg Na2SeO3/(kg?d), 10 mg Ge-132/(kg?d) and 0.1 mg Na2SeO3/(kg?d) plus 10 mg Ge-132/(kg?d) for 90 days. The body weight, activity, and general state were observed. The content of Ca,Mg,Zn in the serum,liver and kidneys were determined by flame atomization method. The content of F was detected by ion chromatography. Results The body weight in F+Se, F+Ge and F+Se+Ge groups were higher than that in F group and lower than that in the control group. The content of F in the liver, kidney in F+Se, F+Ge groups were higher than that in F+Se+Ge group(P

Enzyme histochemical study of germanium dioxide-induced mitochondrial myopathy in rats

The purpose of this study were 1) to determine the earliest pathological changes of germanium dioxide (GeO2)-induced myopathy; 2) to determine the pathomechanism of GeO2-induced myopathy; and 3) to determine the minimal dose of GeO2 to induce myopathy in rats. One hundred and twenty five male and female Sprague-Dawley rats, each weighing about 150 gm, were divided into seven groups according to daily doses of GeO2. Within each group, histopathological studies were done at 4, 8, 16, and 24 weeks of GeO2 administration. Characteristic mitochondrial myopathy was induced in the groups treated daily with 10 mg/kg of GeO2 or more. In conclusion, the results were as follows: 1) The earliest pathological change on electron microscope was the abnormalities of mitochondrial shape, size and increased number of mitochondria; 2) The earliest pathological change on light microscope was the presence of ragged red fibers which showed enhanced subsarcolemmal succinate dehydrogenase and cytochrome c oxidase reactivity; 3) GeO2 seemed to affect the mitochondrial oxidative metabolism of muscle fibers; 4) GeO2 could induce mitochondrial myopathy with 10 mg/kg of GeO2 for 4 weeks or less duration in rats.

THE EXPERIMENT STUDY OF THE RADIOSENSITIVE EFFECT OF THE GERMANIUM GLUCONATE ON THE MOUSE WITH LEWIS LUNG CANCER / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

0.05);the TAV of the drug plus radiation dose of 20,25Gy groups were much smaller than that of the radiation alone groups (P

Effects of Germanium Oxide on Cadmium Chloride-Induced Change of Acetylcholinesterase Activity and Catecholamine Neurotransmitters in Mice Brain / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To study the effects of germanium oxide on cadmium chloride-induced change of acetylcholinesterase(AchE) activity and contents of catecholamine neurotransmitters in the brains of adult mice. Methods Sixty-four Kunming mice were divided randomly into 8 groups, cadminum groups alternatively exposured to cadminum at 0.3, 0.6, 1.2 mg/kg and same volume of physiological saline through intraperitoneal injection once every two days, cadminum + germanium groups were given germanium oxide at 25 mg/kg besides cadminum once every two days, the other two were germanium and physiological saline groups. All groups were injected for 20 d, then germanium oxide group mice were additional injected total 5 times once every two days .Alkaline hydroxylamine method was used in determining activity of AchE, flourimetric method was used in determining contents of NE, DA, 5-HT. Results The activities of AchE were significantly decreased in the cadmium-treated group, which could be antagonized by germanium oxide at 25 mg/kg. The levels of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin were decreased significantly in the cadmium-treated mice, and this decreases were also antagonized by germanium oxide. Conclusion These data suggest that the germanium oxide antagonize the cadmium chloride-induced changes in neurobiochemical parameters.

COMBINED ANTITUMOR EFFECT OF LYSINE-GERMANIUM AND CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE ON S-180 SARCOMA IN MICE / 中国药理学通报

Lysine-germanium ( Ge401 ) was a newly synthesized organoger-manium compound in China. The LD50 of Ge401 for mice was 9.26 and 5.62 g/kg po and ip administrations. The inhibition rates of subcutaneously transplanted S-180 sarcoma in mice were 25%, 32% and 55% respectively when ip, po and iv administrations of Ge401 were used. The antitumor activity of cyclophosphamide (30 mg/kg? 2d-1, ip ) in S-180 bearing mice was significantly potentiated by Ge401 (30 mg/kg?d-1, iv ) .

STUDIES ON ANTI-ULCER EFFECT OF DICARBOXYETHYL GERMANIUM SESQUIOXIDE AND ITS MECHANISMS OF ACTION / 中国药理学通报

Dicarboxyethyl Germanium Sesquioxide ( DEG ) is a organic germanium compound of artificial synthesis. It could inhibite gastric lesions in pylorus-tightened rats, increased the levels of PGE2 and markedly reduced pepsin activity and free acid of gastric juice. DEG also inhibited formation of indomethacine, pentagastrin and alcohol induced ulcer. It could accelerate the healing of acetic acid ulcer, but couldn't against acute stress and reserpin produced gastric ulcer. The secretory reaction of chief cell of DEG groups were reduced markedly than control. To sum up, the prineiple mechanism of anti-gastric ulcer of DEG may be by raising the levels of PGE2 in gastric juice and inhibiting pepsinia and promoting synthesis of protein.

COLORIMETRIC DETERMINATION OF GERMANIUM IN GARLIC BY ACID DIGESTION UNDER REFLUX AND EXTRACTION / 营养学报

A method for determinations of germanium in garlic was developed by means of acid digestion and extraction under reflux. It obriated not only the volatile loss of Ge but also the loss of volatile Allicin in the Allium sativum, with usual distillation methods. At the same time the sensitivity was remarkably increased under coprecipitation with ferric hydroxide and extraction operation. A good linear relation was obtained in the range of 0-2.0?g Ge. The average recovery of Ge is 90.9%, coefficient of variation is 4.0%, and detection limit in the Allium sativum is 0.14?g. The method is suitable for determination of Ge in other biological samples as well.